![]() Traditional pathology relies on phenotypic traits such as histological subtypes, treatment sensitivity, and clinical outcomes to classify tumors. In addition, they evolve differently over time in terms of clonal structure, genotype, and phenotype in every patient, complicating diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. ![]() Genetic and phenotypic differences are detected between tumors from different tissues and cell types, as well as between individuals with the same tumor type, a phenomenon known as inter-tumor heterogeneity. This review focuses on the most recent aspects of the identification, characterization, cultivation, and targeting of human CSCs, highlighting the advances achieved in the clinical implementation of therapies targeting CSCs and remarking those potential areas where more research is still required.Ĭancers occur in an extraordinary range of types and subtypes, making each cancer individually unique. In addition, methods for CSC cultivation are also under development, with great heterogeneity existing in the protocols used. In addition, some markers for the identification and characterization of CSCs have been suggested, but the search for specific CSC markers in many cancer types is still under development. Deregulation of pathways that govern stemness in non-tumorigenic stem cells (SCs), such as Notch, Wnt, and Hedgehog pathways, has been described in CSC pathogenesis, but it is necessary to conduct further studies to discover potential new therapeutic targets. These cells are a promising target in the future of cancer therapy but remain largely unknown. ![]() Chemoresistance, tumor progression, and metastasis are features that are frequently seen in cancer that have been associated with cancer stem cells (CSCs).
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